内容来源：https://www.geekwire.com/2025/ai-bargaining-bill-returns-as-washington-lawmakers-weigh-new-rules-for-public-employers/

内容总结：

华盛顿州立法者将于明年再度审议一项引发关注的议案，该议案旨在赋予公共部门工会就人工智能技术应用进行集体谈判的权利。据《华盛顿州标准》报道，这场立法博弈已持续多年，核心争议在于如何平衡技术创新与劳动者权益。

技术变革下的劳资博弈

众议院第1622号法案要求，当政府机构使用人工智能技术影响员工薪资或绩效评估时，必须提前与工会进行谈判。该法案在今年获民主党支持的众议院通过后，于参议院搁浅。企业团体和市政官员反对该提案，认为将过度倾斜劳资力量平衡，阻碍工作场所创新。

法案主要发起人、奥林匹亚民主党众议员丽莎·帕什利已将议题提交至州人工智能特别工作组，力争在2026年完成立法程序。华盛顿州劳工委员会主席艾普丽尔·西姆斯强调：“现行制度下谈判发生在技术落地后，而新法案能确保事前协商。”

法律滞后性与现实挑战

2002年州法律禁止州政府及高等教育机构的公务员就技术应用进行谈判。帕什利指出，当年立法时“管理层最大的技术决策不过是选择台式机或传真机型”，而如今AI对劳动力的影响远超预期。与此相对，管辖市县机构的法规则要求影响薪酬工时的新技术必须谈判。

皮尤研究中心最新调查显示，超半数劳动者担忧AI对职场的潜在冲击，六分之一员工表示AI已承担其部分工作。这种焦虑正推动立法变革。

行政指令与立法保障并进

华盛顿州财政管理办公室9月发布指令，要求对使用生成式AI导致劳动条件重大变更的情况，需提前6个月通知工会。该政策被帕什利称为“优秀的第一步”，但她坚持需要通过立法将行政指令转化为法律，确保未来政府遵守。

与此同时，联邦与州级AI监管的角力持续升温。传闻特朗普政府考虑起诉通过AI监管的州，而国会此前曾试图暂停各州AI立法。华盛顿州另一项保护儿童免受AI社交媒体影响的参议院5708号法案也在推进中，凸显该州在AI治理领域的积极探索。

在这场技术革命与制度调适的赛跑中，华盛顿州的立法实践或将成为全美AI劳动政策的重要风向标。

中文翻译：

本文首刊于《华盛顿州标准报》。华盛顿州立法者将于明年再度审议公共部门工会能否就雇主引入人工智能技术进行集体谈判。众议院第1622号法案要求，若政府使用人工智能技术会影响雇员薪资或绩效考核，则需事先与工会谈判。

在上个会期，该法案凭借民主党支持在众议院基本按党派划线通过，但最终在参议院搁浅。商业团体及市政府官员等反对者认为，该措施将过度打破劳资双方的权力平衡，并可能延缓职场创新进程。

为争取在2026年通过立法，法案主要发起人、奥林匹亚市民主党众议员丽莎·帕什利于周四向州人工智能特别工作组提交了该提案。该工作组由州立法机构于2024年设立。

华盛顿州劳工委员会主席艾普丽尔·西姆斯指出：“公共部门谈判涵盖薪资、工时和工作条件，政府机构本就需要就涉及这些领域的变更进行谈判。但若无立法约束，谈判往往在技术落地后才进行。而像众议院1622号法案这样的立法，将确保谈判在实施前完成。”

2002年通过的州法律禁止州政府机构和高等院校的编制内雇员就技术应用进行谈判。针对该立法背景，帕什利评论道：“当时管理层最重要的技术决策无非是选择台式机、传真机或电话型号。但面对如今这种将对劳动者产生深远影响的新技术，旧法规是否公平？”

另一方面，管辖市、县及其他机构雇员的单独法规规定，若技术应用影响薪资、工时或工作条件等问题，则必须进行谈判。

多数劳动者对人工智能迅猛发展带来的职业安全感表示担忧。皮尤研究中心去年末调查显示，超半数劳动者担心AI对未来职场的影响，约三分之一认为将导致岗位缩减，六分之一表示AI已承担其部分工作。

以马里兰州为例，当地政府正与人工智能公司Anthropic合作，协助居民申请食品补助、医疗补助等社会福利项目。2024年初，时任州长杰伊·英斯利发布行政命令，规划州政府运用生成式人工智能的蓝图，强调“将以合乎伦理且公平的方式挖掘生成式AI潜力，造福政府工作人员”。

根据该指导方针，州财政管理办公室9月发布指令，要求若使用生成式AI“将导致雇员薪资、工时或工作条件发生重大变化”，需提前六个月通知工会代表的州政府雇员。依据该备忘录，工会有权就技术使用提出谈判要求。

西姆斯强调：“让劳动者参与决策不是礼节性程序，而是实际需要。这能识别风险，确保必要的人为监督，并建立员工对系统的信任——毕竟最终操作、排查和依赖这些系统的正是他们。”备忘录还规定，涉及雇佣关系的决策若使用AI系统必须经过人工审核。

帕什利称该指令是“出色的第一步”，但指出其提案通过将行政命令法典化，“可使未来政府承担问责义务”。据悉，前总统特朗普正考虑签署行政令，指示司法部长帕姆·邦迪起诉对AI立法的各州，但尚不清楚是否涵盖此类间接规范技术的法案。

这成为联邦与州级人工智能监管争论的最新交锋。今夏关于特朗普标志性减税支出法的辩论中，国会曾考虑暂停各州AI监管。华盛顿州民主党参议员玛丽亚·坎特韦尔最终推动删除了该条款。而州检察长尼克·布朗提议的潜在措施，可能使华盛顿州成为特朗普政府的针对目标。

参议院第5708号法案旨在保护儿童免受AI驱动的社交媒体应用影响。该法案今年在参议院通过后止步于众议院，2026年可再度审议。帕什利表示她已加入立法机构新成立的AI工作组，“以便参与这场重要辩论”。

《华盛顿州标准报》隶属非营利新闻网络“States Newsroom”，作为501c(3)公共慈善机构接受资助和捐赠联盟支持，保持编辑独立性。如有疑问请联系主编比尔·露西亚：[email protected]。

英文来源：

This story first appeared in the Washington State Standard.
Washington state lawmakers next year are set to again discuss whether public sector unions can bargain over their employers’ adoption of artificial intelligence technology.
House Bill 1622 looks to require government employers to bargain with unions over the use of the technology if it affects wages or worker performance evaluations.
This past session, the bill passed the House mostly along party lines, with Democratic support, before stalling in the Senate.
Opponents, including business groups and city officials, argued the measure would skew the balance of power between employees and managers too far toward workers. They also said the mandate could delay workplace innovation.
With hopes of getting it over the finish line in 2026, the bill’s lead sponsor, Rep. Lisa Parshley, D-Olympia, brought the idea to the state’s artificial intelligence task force on Thursday. The Legislature created the task force in 2024.
“Public sector bargaining covers wages, hours and working conditions and agencies are already required to bargain any change that touches those areas, but without legislation, that bargaining happens after implementation,” said Washington State Labor Council President April Sims. “With legislation like House Bill 1622, it would happen before.”
A state law passed in 2002 prohibits bargaining over technology for classified employees of state agencies and higher education institutions.
“The biggest technology decisions made by management was, what kind of desktop, what kind of fax, what kind of phone,” Parshley said of the era when that law took effect. “Is that fair when we have a technology that now will actually impact our workers in ways that we have not even begun to realize?”
A separate statute governing workers at cities, counties and other agencies, on the other hand, requires bargaining over technology if it affects issues like wages, hours or working conditions.
Many workers are concerned about what the rapid rise of artificial intelligence means for their job security.
A Pew Research Center survey conducted late last year reported over half of workers are worried about the future impact of AI on the workplace and about one-third think it will lead to fewer jobs. About one-in-six workers said AI was already doing some of their work.
Maryland, for example, is partnering with AI company Anthropic to help residents apply for food aid, Medicaid and other social welfare programs.
In early 2024, then-Gov. Jay Inslee issued an executive order outlining a future for state government’s use of generative artificial intelligence. It noted that the state “seeks to harness the potential of generative AI in an ethical and equitable way for the benefit of the state government workforce.”
In line with that guidance, a September directive from the state’s Office of Financial Management requires giving union-represented state employees six months’ notice of any use of generative AI if it “will result in a consequential change in employee wages, hours, or working conditions.” Under the memo, unions can file a demand to bargain over using the technology.
“Including workers at the beginning is not a courtesy. It is a practical necessity,” Sims said. “It identifies risk. It ensures human oversight where it is needed, and it builds trust among staff, who will ultimately have to operate, troubleshoot and rely on these systems.”
The memo also mandates human review for such systems when they’re used for employment-related decisions.
Parshley called the directive an “excellent first step.” But she says her proposed law “would allow future administrations to be held accountable” by codifying the order in law.
Meanwhile, President Donald Trump is reportedly considering an executive order directing U.S. Attorney General Pam Bondi to sue states that pass regulations on AI. But it’s unclear if that would cover potential laws like this one, since it doesn’t directly regulate the technology itself.
It’s the latest salvo in the debate over a federal versus state approach to guardrails on the technology. In the debate over Trump’s signature tax cut and spending law over the summer, Congress considered putting a moratorium on state-level artificial intelligence regulations. U.S. Sen. Maria Cantwell, D-Wash., led the charge to axe that provision from the final law.
One potential measure requested by state Attorney General Nick Brown could put Washington in the Trump administration’s crosshairs.
Senate Bill 5708 looks to protect children from artificial intelligence-fed social media applications. This year, the legislation passed the Senate before stalling in the House. It can come back in 2026.
Parshley noted she is part of a new workgroup in the Legislature focused on AI “so that we can participate in this great debate.”
Washington State Standard is part of States Newsroom, a nonprofit news network supported by grants and a coalition of donors as a 501c(3) public charity. Washington State Standard maintains editorial independence. Contact Editor Bill Lucia for questions: [email protected].